Rule text
(a) Capacity or Authority to Sue; Legal Existence. --
(1) In General. -- Except when required to show that the court has jurisdiction, a pleading need not allege:
(A) a party's capacity to sue or be sued;
(B) a party's authority to sue or be sued in a representative capacity; or
(C) the legal existence of an organized association of persons that is made a party.
(2) Raising Those Issues. -- To raise any of those issues, a party must do so by a specific denial, which must state any supporting facts that are peculiarly within the party's knowledge.
(b) Fraud or Mistake; Conditions of Mind. -- In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally.
(c) Conditions Precedent. -- In pleading conditions precedent, it suffices to allege generally that all conditions precedent have occurred or been performed. But when denying that a condition precedent has occurred or been performed, a party must do so with particularity.
(d) Official Document or Act. -- In pleading an official document or official act, it suffices to allege that the document was legally issued or the act legally done.
(e) Judgment. -- In pleading a judgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, a judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or a board or officer, it suffices to plead the judgment or decision without showing jurisdiction to render it.
(f) Time and Place. -- An allegation of time or place is material when testing the sufficiency of a pleading.
(g) Special Damages. -- If an item of special damage is claimed, it must be specifically stated.
(h) Municipal ordinance. -- In pleading a municipal ordinance or a right derived therefrom, it shall be sufficient to refer to such ordinance by its title or other applicable designation and the name of the municipality which adopted the same.